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🗣 Wd提问: GCP VPN

🤖 Ai回答: Of course、Here is a comprehensive overview of GCP VPN (Google Cloud VPN), covering what it is, how it works, its key components, types, and a comparison with alternatives.

What is GCP VPN?

Google Cloud VPN is a service that securely connects your on-premises network to your Google Cloud Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) network through an IPsec VPN connection、It can also be used to connect two cloud VPC networks in different regions (though for this, other options are often better).

Traffic between the two networks is encrypted by one VPN gateway and then decrypted by the other VPN gateway、This protects your data as it travels over the public internet.

Key Components & Concepts

To understand GCP VPN, you need to know its building blocks:

1、 Cloud VPN Gateway: This is the Google Cloud-side component of the VPN、It is a virtual gateway that you create in a specific VPC network and region、It's the entry and exit point for encrypted traffic from the on-premises side.
* It has a public IP address to which your on-premises VPN device connects.

2、 External VPN Gateway: This is *your* on-premises VPN device (e.g., a Cisco ASA, Juniper SRX, Palo Alto firewall, or a software VPN like StrongSwan)、You need to configure this device yourself.

3、 VPN Tunnel: A secure, logical connection over the public internet between the Cloud VPN Gateway and your external VPN gateway、Each tunnel uses an IPsec VPN protocol to encrypt the traffic.

4、 Peer IP Address: The public IP address of your *on-premises* VPN gateway.

5、 Shared Secret: A pre-shared key (like a password) used by both sides of the VPN tunnel to establish a secure connection、You must configure the same secret on both the Cloud VPN Gateway and your on-premises device.

6、 Routing: You must configure routes in your VPC network to direct traffic destined for your on-premises network's IP range through the Cloud VPN Gateway、Similarly, your on-premises router needs routes to send traffic for the VPC's IP ranges through your on-premises VPN device.

Types of GCP VPN

There are two main types, differentiated by their throughput and how they are provisioned.

1、Classic VPN
* Throughput: Up to 3 Gbps per tunnel (aggregate for multiple tunnels to the same peer gateway is ~1.5 3 Gbps).
* Provisioning: Static routing only、You must manually define the IP ranges of the networks you want to reach on the other side of the VPN.
* Use Case: Good for simple, stable environments where IP ranges don't change frequently、It's the original offering.

2、HA VPN (High Availability VPN)
* Throughput: Up to 3 Gbps per tunnel、It automatically provides 99.99% availability SLA by deploying two gateway instances in two different Google Cloud zones within the same region.
* Provisioning: Supports both static routing and dynamic routing (using BGP Border Gateway Protocol).
* BGP is highly recommended for most production scenarios、It allows the VPN peers to automatically exchange routing information、If you add a new subnet to your VPC, BGP will automatically advertise it to your on-premises network without any manual route updates.
* Use Case: The default and recommended choice for almost all production workloads due to its high availability and support for dynamic routing.

How to Set It Up (Simplified Overview)

The general process for setting up an HA VPN (the recommended type) is:

1、 Plan Your IP Ranges: Ensure your on-premises and VPC IP ranges (CIDR blocks) do not overlap.
2、 Create a VPC Network: If you haven't already.
3、 Create a Cloud VPN Gateway: In your chosen region and attach it to your VPC.
4、 Create an External VPN Gateway Resource: In GCP, this object represents your *on-premises* VPN device、You input its public IP address(es) here.
5、 Create VPN Tunnels: Create tunnels on the Cloud VPN Gateway that connect to the External VPN Gateway resource、You will configure:
* IKE Version (IKEv1 or IKEv2 IKEv2 is recommended)
* Shared Secret
* Routing Options (BGP or Static)
* (If using BGP) Create a Cloud Router and configure BGP session parameters (ASN, BGP peer IPs).
6、 Configure Your On-Premises VPN Device: This is a critical step、Use the configuration details from Google Cloud (peer IPs, shared secret, IKE/ESP protocols, etc.) to set up the connection on your side、Google provides sample configurations for many major vendors.
7、 Configure Routing:
* If using static routing, create custom route entries in your VPC network.
* If using BGP, the routes will be learned automatically, but you might need to review and advertise them on your on-premises side.

GCP VPN vs、Cloud Interconnect

For hybrid connectivity, GCP offers two main services:

| Feature | Cloud VPN | Cloud Interconnect |
| : | : | : |
| Connection Type | Over the public internet (encrypted)、| Dedicated private connection (Partner or Direct)、|
| Bandwidth | Up to 3 Gbps per tunnel、| 10 Gbps or 100 Gbps per connection、|
| Availability | 99.99% SLA with HA VPN、| 99.99% SLA for a single connection; 99.99% for redundant、|
| Cost | Lower cost (no physical port fee)、| Higher cost (includes port fee and potential provider fees)、|
| Latency & Speed | Subject to internet variability、| Consistent, low-latency, high-throughput performance、|
| Use Case | Dev/Test, low-to-medium bandwidth prod, backup link、| Mission-critical, high-bandwidth, low-latency production、|

In practice: Many enterprises use Cloud Interconnect (Direct Connect) as their primary, high-performance connection and configure a Cloud VPN as a backup/failover connection for resilience.

GCP VPN vs、VPC Peering

It's crucial not to confuse them:
* GCP VPN: Connects different networks (VPC-to-on-premises or VPC-to-VPC *across the internet*).
* VPC Peering: Connects two VPC networks within Google Cloud privately, using Google's internal network、It's simpler, higher bandwidth, and lower latency than a VPN for connecting GCP VPCs、Use VPC Peering for connecting VPCs within GCP.

Summary

* GCP VPN is a vital service for establishing secure hybrid cloud connections between Google Cloud and your on-premises data center or another cloud.
* HA VPN with dynamic routing (BGP) is the modern, robust, and recommended standard for production environments.
* It provides an excellent balance of security, availability, and ease of use, though for the highest performance and lowest latency, Cloud Interconnect is the superior (but more expensive) choice.

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提问时间: 2025-09-08 00:11:49

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